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Tutorial Contents
Basic Searches
Find More
Limits
Select & Download
Find Full Articles
Case Study
  Research Question
  Key Concepts
  Initial Search
  Evaluate Results
  Revise Search
  Save Search

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Case Study

Research Question

The first step to a successful search is to clearly define your research question. A complete clinical question will often cover the following areas:

  • Patient, population or problem
  • Intervention
  • Comparison (not always included)
  • Outcome
Question: Do electric toothbrushes work as well as or better than manual toothbrushes to remove plaque when used by children?

Key Concepts

Identify key words in the question that are likely to be found in relevant research articles. For the sample question the words are:

  • Population: Children
  • Intervention: Electric toothbrush
  • Comparison: Manual toothbrush
  • Outcome: Plaque removal

Initial Search

Enter key concepts combined with the Boolean AND in the PubMed search box.

children AND electric toothbrush AND manual toothbrush AND plaque removal

The search retrieves a number of relevant article records, but probably not everything on the topic.


Evaluate Results

Change the display of the results set to Citation to find more search words to use to improve the search. Pay most attention to the article records that closely address your research topic.

MeSH Terms that appear after the abstract can be very helpful for creating a comprehensive search related to your topic. Here are key MeSH Terms found in the most relevant results that are a bit different from the words you used:

Child
Toothbrushing
Dental Plaque
Prevention & control

Note that there is no MeSH Term that relates specifically to manual or electric toothbrushes. The words used to describe electric and manual toothbrushes in the titles and abstracts are varied. Be sure to include synonyms such as:

Powered
Conventional

Also, think about alternate forms of words such as:

Power
Toothbrushes
Remove

Revise Search

After your gather new words, enter a new search.

Group synonyms with OR enclosed with parentheses.
Use AND to combine the different groups of words.

(child OR children) AND (electric OR power OR powered) AND (manual OR conventional) AND (toothbrush OR toothbrushes OR toothbrushing) AND dental plaque AND (removal OR remove OR prevention OR control)

Review the results of the revised search. Remember, searching is an iterative process and you may need to do more than one revision.


Save Search

Save the search and set up an email alert when you are working on the research project over a period of time.

Step 1: Enter the complete search and click Go.

Step 2: Click the Save Search link to the right of the search box.

UNC Full Text Online icon

Step 3: Register for an account or enter a previously created My NCBI user name and password.

Step 4: Name the search.

Step 5: Indicate if you want to receive e-mail updates.

Step 6: Select how frequently you would like to receive updates.